Linked by Andrew Youll on Tue 5th Jul 2005 16:46 UTC, submitted by HSQLDB 1.8.0 Released
HSQLDB is the leading SQL relational database engine written in Java. It has a JDBC driver and supports a rich subset of ANSI-92 SQL (BNF tree format) plus SQL 99 and 2003 enhancements. It offers a small (less than 100k in one version for applets), fast database engine which offers both in-memory and disk-based tables and supports embedded and server modes. 
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It's actually just about the fastest pure Java database available when using purely in-memory tables. If your requirements are to do basic SQL on large amounts of data that is still small enough to be kept in RAM (< 2GB) it can perform quite well.
In many of my tests, it could perform the query and return a ResultSet more quickly than a network based database could get the query started!
Having said that, once you start using disk-based (CACHED) tables, it slows down dramatically. Also, it still has a global lock in a few cases that can make it unsuitable for some multithreaded applications.
But for what it is good for, it's by far the best product on the market.