Linked by Andrew Youll on Tue 5th Jul 2005 16:46 UTC, submitted by HSQLDB 1.8.0 Released
HSQLDB is the leading SQL relational database engine written in Java. It has a JDBC driver and supports a rich subset of ANSI-92 SQL (BNF tree format) plus SQL 99 and 2003 enhancements. It offers a small (less than 100k in one version for applets), fast database engine which offers both in-memory and disk-based tables and supports embedded and server modes. 
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Here is another benchmark project for several java databases and ORM solutions:
http://www.polepos.org
but before reading their results a little warning, the author seems to be have a tendancy to be biased about object databases. (possibly have an affiliation with db4o, or a supporter of it).
Fairness of comparing object databases (db4o, prevayler etc) with RDBMS is questionable due to the lack of SQL query mechanisms. Anyway, you can see how fast HSQLDB is there too.